The application event loop
In order to let pyglet process operating system events such as mouse and keyboard events, applications need to enter an application event loop. The event loop watches for new events, dispatches those events, and sleeps until something else needs to be done. It also handles any functions that you have scheduled on the clock (see Calling functions periodically). pyglet ensures that the loop iterates only as often as necessary to fulfill all scheduled functions and user input. It is well tuned for performance and low power usage on Windows, Linux and macOS.
After creating Windows and attaching event handlers, most applications need only call:
pyglet.app.run()
The run()
function does not return until all open windows
have been closed, or until pyglet.app.exit()
is called.
Once you have entered the event loop it dispatches window events (such as for
keyboard input or mouse movement), events from Controllers or Joysticks,
and any other events as they occur. By default, the application event loop will
also refresh all Windows and dispatch the on_draw()
event at a rate of 60Hz (60 times per second). You can customize this by
passing the desired interval in seconds to run()
:
pyglet.app.run(1/30) # 30Hz
# or
pyglet.app.run(1/120) # 120Hz
# or for benchmarking, redraw as fast as possible:
pyglet.app.run(0)
Passing None to run()
is a special case. It will enter
the event loop as usual, but it will not dispatch the Window events. This can
be desired if you wish to have different refresh rates for different Windows,
or even change the refresh rate while the application is running.
Customising the event loop
The pyglet event loop is encapsulated in the
EventLoop
class, which provides
several hooks that can be overridden for customising its behaviour. This is
recommended only for advanced users – typical applications and games are
unlikely to require this functionality.
To use the EventLoop
class directly, instantiate it and call run:
event_loop = pyglet.app.EventLoop()
event_loop.run()
Only one EventLoop
can be running at a time; when the
run()
method is called
the module variable pyglet.app.event_loop
is set to the running
instance. Other pyglet modules such as pyglet.window
depend on this.
Event loop events
You can listen for several events on the event loop instance. A useful one
of these is on_window_close()
, which is
dispatched whenever a window is closed. The default handler for this event
exits the event loop if there are no more windows. The following example
overrides this behaviour to exit the application whenever any window is
closed:
event_loop = pyglet.app.EventLoop()
@event_loop.event
def on_window_close(window):
event_loop.exit()
return pyglet.event.EVENT_HANDLED
event_loop.run()
Overriding the default idle policy
The pyglet.app.EventLoop.idle()
method is called every iteration of
the event loop. It is responsible for calling scheduled clock functions,
and deciding how idle the application is. You can override
this method if you have specific requirements for tuning the performance
of your application; especially if it uses many windows.
The default implementation has the following algorithm:
Call
pyglet.clock.tick()
withpoll=True
to call any scheduled functions.Return the value of
pyglet.clock.get_sleep_time()
.
The return value of the get_sleep_time()
method is
the number of seconds until the event loop needs to iterate again (unless
there is an earlier user-input event); or None
if the loop can wait
for input indefinitely.
Creating a Custom Event Loop
Many windowing toolkits requie the application developer to write their own
event loop. This is also possible in pyglet, but is usually just an inconvenience
compared to pyglet.app.run()
. It can be necessary in some situations,
such as when combining pyglet with other toolkits, but is strongly discouraged
for the following reasons:
Keeping track of delta times between frames, and maintaining a stable frame rate can be challenging. It is difficult to write a manual event loop that does not waste CPU cycles and is still responsive to user input.
The
EventLoop
class provides plenty of hooks for most toolkits to be integrated without needing to resort to a manual event loop.Because
EventLoop
is tuned for specific operating systems, it is more responsive to user events, and continues calling clock functions while windows are being resized, and (on macOS) the menu bar is being tracked.
With that out of the way, a manual event loop usually has the following form:
while True:
pyglet.clock.tick()
pyglet.app.platform_event_loop.step(timeout)
for window in pyglet.app.windows:
window.switch_to()
window.dispatch_events()
window.dispatch_event('on_draw')
window.flip()
The call to pyglet.clock.tick()
is required for ensuring scheduled
functions are called, including the internal data pump functions for playing
sounds, animations, and video.
The dispatch_events()
method checks the window’s
operating system event queue for user input and dispatches any events found.
The method does not wait for input – if there are no events pending, control is
returned to the program immediately.
The dispatch_event('on_draw')()
method is optional
if you are catching this Window event. If you are not using this event, your
draw calls (Batch.draw()) should go here instead.